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Scientists & Staff

Linda Heath

Title: Research Forester
Unit: Forest Inventory & Analysis
Address: Northern Research Station
271 Mast Road
Durham, NH 03824
Phone: 202-473-6730
E-mail: Contact Linda Heath

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Education

University of Washington, Seattle, WA:
PhD, Quantitative Resources Management, 1989
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois:
BS, Forestry, 1981; MS, Forest Management, 1983

Civic & Professional Affiliations

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Ecological Society of America, Society of American Foresters

Current Research

My research was focused on estimating GHG inventories and their uncertainties associated with land management in the United States, and exploring management impacts.

I am currently on a 2-year detail (2010 - July, 2012) under an Intergovernmental Personnel Act Agreement, serving as the Senior Forest Climate Change Specialist to the Global Environment Facility, Washington DC. The GEF is a Vice Presidential Unit within the World Bank. Main tasks include:

Lead the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) portfolio for the Climate and Chemicals Team.
Lead the Sustainable Forest Management/REDD-plus portfolio for the Climate and Chemicals Team, working with the Natural Resources Team.
Enhance the credibility of carbon benefits estimates in GEF projects.

Why is This Important

Carbon is important to energy production and climate change. Credible estimation of carbon benefits from land management is crucial for development of carbon markets, to meet policy commitments, to practice sustainable land management, and to understand the global carbon cycle.

Future Research

All land management and use potentially contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, including carbon benefits. Other multiple environmental benefits, such an in the areas of climate change, biodiversity and combating desertification, are also produced. Future research will involve quantifying and understanding multiple environmental benefits from land management and use. Relevant science findings will be communicated to policymakers, practicing land managers, and the public.

Featured Publications

Heath, Linda S.; Maltby, Van; Miner, Reid; Skog, Kenneth E.; Smith, James E.; Unwin, Jay; Upton, Brad. 2010. Greenhouse gas and carbon profile of the U.S. forest products industry value chain. Environmental Science and Technology. 44: 3999-4005.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2010. Exploring the assumed invariance of implied emission factors for forest biomass in greenhouse gas inventories. Environmental Science and Policy. 13: 55-62.

Additional Online Publications

McKinley, Duncan C.; Ryan, Michael G.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Giardina, Christian P.; Harmon, Mark E.; Heath, Linda S.; Houghton, Richard A.; Jackson, Robert B.; Morrison, James F.; Murray, Brian C.; Pataki, Diane E.; Skog, Kenneth E. 2011. A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States. Ecological Applications. 21(6): 1902-1924.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J.; Smith, James E. 2011. Carbon changes in conterminous US forests associated with growth and major disturbances: 1992-2001. Environmental Research Letters. 6(1) 014012. 10 p.
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E.; Woodall, Christopher W.; Azuma, David L.; Waddell, Karen L. 2011. Carbon stocks on forestland of the United States, with emphasis on USDA Forest Service ownership. Ecosphere. 2(1): article 6. 21 p.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J.; Smith, James E. 2011. Effects of land use/cover change and harvests on forest carbon dynamics in northern states of the United States from remote sensing and inventory data: 1992-2001. Forest Science. 57(6): 525-534.
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E.; Skog, Kenneth E.; Nowak, David J.; Woodall, Christopher W. 2011. Managed forest carbon estimates for the US greenhouse gas inventory, 1990-2008. Journal of Forestry. 109(3): 167-173.
Woodall, Christopher W.; Heath, Linda S.; Domke, Grant M.; Nichols, Michael C. 2011. Methods and equations for estimating aboveground volume, biomass, and carbon for trees in the U.S. forest inventory, 2010. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-88. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 30 p.
Hoover, Coeli; Heath, Linda S. 2011. Potential gains in storage on productive forestlands in the northeastern United Sates through stocking management. Ecological Applications. 21(4): 1154-1161.
Ryan, Michael G.; Harmon, Mark E.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Giardina, Christian P.; Heath, Linda S.; Houghton, Richard A.; Jackson, Robert B.; McKinley, Duncan C.; Morrison, James F.; Murray, Brian C.; Pataki, Diane E.; Skog, Kenneth E. 2010. A synthesis of the science on forests and carbon for U.S. Forests. Issues In Ecology 13:1-16.
Hines, Sarah J.; Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A. 2010. An annotated bibliography of scientific literature on managing forests for carbon benefits. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-57. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 49 p. [Includes CD-ROM].
Heath, Linda S.; Nichols, Michael C.; Smith, James E.; Mills, John R. 2010. FORCARB2: An updated version of the U.S. Forest Carbon Budget Model. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-67. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 52 p. [CD-ROM].
Yu, Yifan; Saatch, Sassan; Heath, Linda S.; LaPoint, Elizabeth; Myneni, Ranga; Knyazikhin, Yuri. 2010. Regional distribution of forest height and biomass from multisensor data fusion. Regional distribution of forest height and biomass from multisensor data fusion. Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: G00E12. doi: 10.1029/2009/JG000995. 16 p.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J.; Butler, Brett. 2010. Relationships between major ownerships, forest aboveground biomass distributions, and landscape dynamics in the New England Region of USA. Environmental Management. 45: 377-386.
Van Deusen, Paul C.; Heath, Linda S. 2010. Weighted analysis methods for mapped plot forest inventory data: Tables, regressions, maps and graphs. Forest Ecology and Management. 260: 1607-1612.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J.; Smith, James E. 2009. A preliminary investigation of forest carbon changes associated with land-use change in northern New England. In: McWilliams, Will; Moisen, Gretchen; Czaplewski, Ray, comps. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Symposium 2008; October 21-23, 2008; Park City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-56CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 11 p.
Birdsey, Richard; Bates, Nick; Behrenfeld, MIke; Davis, Kenneth; Doney, Scott C.; Feely, Richard; Hansell, Dennis; Heath, Linda; et al. 2009. Carbon cycle observations: gaps threaten climate mitigation policies. Eos. 90(34): 292-293.
Ducey, M.J.; Zheng, D.; Heath, L.S. 2009. Creating compatible maps from remotely sensed and forest inventory data using radial basis functions. In: Proceedings of extending forest inventory and monitoring over space and time; 2009 May 19-22; Quebec City, Quebec.[Place of publication unknown]:International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Available at http://blue.for.msu.edu/meeting/proceed.php.
Heath, Linda S.; Hansen, Mark; Smith, James E.; Miles, Patrick D.; Smith, Brad W. 2009. Investigation into calculating tree biomass and carbon in the FIADB using a biomass expansion factor approach. In: McWilliams, Will; Moisen, Gretchen; Czaplewski, Ray, comps. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Symposium 2008; October 21-23, 2008; Park City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-56CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 26 p.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, L.S.; Ducey, M.J.; Smith, J.E. 2009. Quantifying scaling effects on satellite-derived forest area estimates for the conterminous USA. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 30(12): 3097-3114.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2008. Carbon stocks and stock changes in U.S. forests. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Agriculture and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990-2005. Technical Bulletin No. 1921. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief Economist: 65-80, C1-C7.
Chen, Jiaxin; Colombo, Stephen J.; Ter-Mikaelian, Michael T.; Heath, Linda S. 2008. Future carbon storage in harvested wood products from Ontario's Crown forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1947-1958
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J. 2008. Identifying grain-size dependent errors on global forest area estimates and carbon studies. Geophysical Research Letters. 35: L21403. doi:10.1029/2008GL035746
Ryan, M.G.; Archer, S.R.; Birdsey, R.A.; Dahm, C.N.; Heath, L.S.; Hicke, J.A.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Huxman, T.E.; Okin, G.S.; Oren, R.; Randerson, J.T.; Schlesinger, W.H. 2008. Land resources: forests and arid lands. In: Janetos, T.; Schimel, D., eds. The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity. SAP 4-3. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC, USA: 75-120.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J. 2008. Modeling grain-size dependent bias in estimating forest area: a regional application. Landscape Ecology. 23: 1119-1132.
Woodall, C.W.; Heath, L.S.; Smith, J.E. 2008. National inventories of down and dead woody material forest carbon stocks in the United States: Challenges and opportunities. Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 221-228.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J. 2008. Satellite detection of land-use change and effects on regional forest aboveground biomass estimates. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 144: 67-79.
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J. 2008. Spatial distribution of forest aboveground biomass estimated from remote sensing and forest inventory data in New England, USA. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2:021502
Upton, Brad; Miner, Reid; Spinney, Mike; Heath, Linda S. 2008. The greenhouse gas and energy impacts of using wood instead of alternatives in residential construction in the United States. Biomass and Bioenergy. 32: 1-10.
Woodbury, Peter B.; Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2007. Carbon sequestration in the U.S. forest sector from 1990 to 2010. Forest Ecology and Management. 241: 14-27.
Woodbury, Peter B.; Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2007. Effects of land use change on soil carbon cycling in the conterminous United States from 1900 to 2050. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 21: GB3006. [unpaginated].
Zheng, Daolan; Heath, Linda S.; Ducey, Mark J. 2007. Forest biomass estimated from MODIS and FIA data in the Lake States: MN, WI and MI, USA. Forestry. 80(3): 265-278.
Birdsey, Richard A.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Johnston, Mark; Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth; Amiro, Brian; de Jong, Ben; Etchevers Barra, Jorge D.; French, Nancy; Garcia-Oliva, Felipe; Harmon, Mark; Heath, Linda S.; Jaramillo, Victor J.; Johnsen, Kurt; Law, Beverly E.; Marin-Spiotta, Erika; Masera, Omar; Neilson, Ronald; Pan, Yude; Pregitzer, Kurt S. 2007. North American forests. In: King, A.W.; Dilling, L.; Zimmerman, G.P.; Fairman, D.M.; Houghton, R.A.; Marland, G.; Rose, A.Z.; Wilbanks, T.J., eds. The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC: 117-126, 173-176.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S.; Nichols, Michael C. 2007. US forest carbon calculation tool: forest-land carbon stocks and net annual stock change. Revised. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-13. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 34 p. [DVD-ROM].
Woodbury, Peter B.; Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2006. Land use change effects on forest carbon cycling throughout the southern United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1348-1363
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S.; Skog, Kenneth E.; Birdsey, Richard A. 2006. Methods for calculating forest ecosystem and harvested carbon with standard estimates for forest types of the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-343. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 216 p.
Zhang, Lianjun; Bi, Huiquan; Gove, Jeffrey H.; Heath, Linda S. 2005. A comparison of alternative methods for estimating the self-thinning boundary line. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 35: 1507-1514.
Proctor, Patrick; Heath, Linda S.; Van Deusen, Paul C.; Gove, Jeffery H.; Smith, James E. 2005. COLE: A Web-based Tool for Interfacing with Forest Inventory Data. In: McRoberts, Ronald E.; Reams, Gregory A.; Van Deusen, Paul C.; McWilliams, William H.; Cieszewski, Chris J., eds. Proceedings of the fourth annual forest inventory and analysis symposium; Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-252. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 167-172
Spinney, Michael P.; Van Deusen, Paul C.; Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2005. COLE: Carbon On-line Estimator, Version 2. In: Kenefic, Laura S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Changing Forests - Challenging Times: Proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 85th Winter Meeting; 2005 March 16-18; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-325. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 28
Garber, Sean M.; Brown, John P.; Wilson, Duncan S.; Maguire, Douglas A.; Heath, Linda S. 2005. Snag longevity under alternative silvicultural regimes in mixed-species forests of central Maine. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 787-796.
Zhang, Lianjun; Gove, Jeffrey H.; Heath, Linda S. 2005. Spatial residual analysis of six modeling techniques. Ecological Modelling. 186: 154-177.
Proctor, Patrick; Van Deusen, Paul C.; Heath, Linda S.; Gove, Jeffrey H. 2005. The open-source movement: an introduction for forestry professionals. In: Proceedings of the fifth annual forest inventory and analysis symposium; 2003 November 18-20; New Orleans, LA. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-69. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 222p.
Heath, Linda S. 2005. What Landowners and Forest Managers Need to Know about Forest Carbon: a Background from Global to Local. In: Kenefic, Laura S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Changing Forests - Challenging Times: Proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 85th Winter Meeting; 2005 March 16-18; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-325. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 16
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2004. Carbon Stocks and Projections on Public Forestlands in the United States, 1952-2040. Environmental Managment. 33(4): 433-442.
Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Chojnacky, David C.; Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A. 2004. Comprehensive database of diameter-based biomass regressions for North American tree species. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-319. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 45 p. [1 CD-ROM].
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2004. Criterion 5, Indicator 26: total forest ecosystem biomass and carbon pool, and if appropriate, by forest type, age class and successional change. In: Darr, David R., coord. Data report: a supplement of the national report on sustainable forests--2003. FS-766A. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 14 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/contents.htm
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2004. Criterion 5, Indicator 27: contribution of forest ecosystems fo the total global carbon budget, including absorption and release of carbon. In: Darr, David R., coord. Data report: a supplement of the national report on sustainable forests--2003. FS-766A. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 7 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/contents.htm
Heath, Linda S.; Skog, Kenneth E. 2004. Criterion 5, Indicator 28: contribution of forest products to the global carbon budget. In: Darr, David R., coord. Data report: a supplement of the national report on sustainable forests--2003. FS-766A. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 10 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/contents.htm
Chojnacky, David C.; Mickler, Robert A.; Heath, Linda S.; Woodall, Christopher W. 2004. Estimates of Down Woody Materials in Eastern US Forests. Environmental Management. 33(supplement 1): S44-S55.
Mickler, Robert A.; Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2004. Forest carbon trends in the Southern United States. In: Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS?75. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Chapter 33. p. 383-394.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S.; Woodbury, Peter B. 2004. How to estimate forest carbon for large areas from inventory data. Journal of Forestry. July/August: 25-31.
Chojnacky, David C.; Mickler, Robert A.; Heath, Linda S. 2003. Carbon in down woody materials of eastern U.S. forests. In: Proceedings of second annual conference on carbon sequestration: developing & validating the technology base to reduce carbon intensity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. [CD-ROM].
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E.; Birdsey, Richard A. 2003. Carbon trends in U.S. forestlands: a context for the role of soils in forest carbon sequestration. In: Kimble, J.M.; Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Lal, R., eds. The potential of U.S. forest soils to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Boca Raton: CRC Press: 35-45.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S.; Jenkins, Jennifer C. 2003. Forest volume-to-biomass models and estimates of mass for live and standing dead trees of U.S. forests.. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-298. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 57 p.
Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Chojnacky, David C.; Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A. 2003. National scale biomass estimators for United States tree species. Forest Science. 49: 12-35
Birdsey, R.; Hollinger, D.; Heath, L.; Hoover, C.; Kolka, R.; Smith, M. L.; Ryan, M. 2003. Pilot Studies for Enhanced Forest Land Measurement. North American Carbon Program, NACP_Intensive_WP_004. 9 p.
Heath, Linda S.; Kimble, John M.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Lal, Rattan. 2003. The potential of U.S. forest soils to sequester carbon. In: Kimble, J.M.; Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Lal, R., eds. The potential of U.S. forest soils to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Boca Raton: CRC Press: 385-394.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2002. A model of forest floor carbon mass for United States forest types. Res. Pap. NE-722. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 37 p.
Chojnacky, David C.; Heath, Linda S. 2002. Estimating down dead wood from FIA forest inventory variables in Maine. Environmental Pollution. 116 (1001): S25-S30.
Goodale, Christine L.; Apps, Michael J.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Field , Christopher B.; Heath, Linda S.; Houghton, Richard A.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Kohlmaier, Gundolf H.; Kurz, Werner; Liu, Shirong; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Nilsson, Sten; Shvidenko, Anatoly Z. 2002. Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere. Ecological Applications. 12(3): 891-899.
Heath, L. S.; Birdsey, R. A.; Williams, D. W. 2002. Methodology for estimating soil carbon for the forest carbon budget model of the United States, 2001. Environmental Pollution. 116: 373-380.
Heath, Linda S.; Chojnacky, David C. 2001. Down dead wood statistics for Maine timberlands, 1995. Resour. Bull. NE-150. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 80 p.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2001. Identifying influences on model uncertainty: an application using a forest carbon budget model. Environmental Management. 27(2): 253-267.
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2000. An assessment of uncertainty in forest carbon budget projections. Environmental Science and Policy. 3: 73-82.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 2000. Considerations for interpreting probabilistic estimates of uncertainty of forest carbon. In: Joyce, Linda A.; Birdsey, Richard, technical editors. 2000. The impact of climate change on America's forests: a technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-59. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 102-111
McWilliams, William H.; Heath, Linda S.; Reese, Gordon C.; Schmidt, Thomas L. 2000. Forest resources and conditions. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Ecological studies 139. New York: Springer-Verlag: 3-26.
Hoover, Coeli M.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Heath, Linda S.; Stout, Susan L. 2000. How to estimate carbon sequestration on small forest tracts estimate carbon sequestration on small forest tracts. Journal of Forestry. September: 13-19.
Heath, Linda S.; Smith, James E. 2000. Soil carbon accounting and assumptions for forestry and forest-related land use change. In: Joyce, Linda A.; Birdsey, Richard, technical editors. 2000. The impact of climate change on America's forests: a technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-59. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 89-101
Birdsey, Richard A.; Mickler, Robert A.; Hom, John; Heath, Linda S. 2000. Summary of prospective global change impacts on northern U.S. forest ecosystems. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Ecological studies 139. New York: Springer-Verlag: 543-568.
Eav, Bov B.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Heath, Linda S. 2000. The Kyoto Protocol and forestry practices in the United States. In: Proceedings of the XXI IUFRO World Congress: Forests and society: the role of research, sub-plenary sessions, vol. 1. 2000 August 7-12; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: 556-576.
Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S. 1998. Multidisciplinary views in modeling response to climate change: A workshop summary. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-251. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 18 p.
Heath, Linda S.; Joyce, Linda A. 1997. Carbon sequestration in forests as a national policy issue. In: Communicating the role of silviculture in managing the national forests: Proceedings of the National Silviculture Workshop. 1997 May 19-22; Warren, PA.: Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-238. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 29-36.
Heath, Linda S.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Row, Clark; Plantinga, Andrew J. 1996. Carbon pools and flux in U.S. forest products. In: Apps, M.J.; Price, D.T., eds. Forest ecosystems, forest management, and the global carbon cycle. NATO ASI Series I: global environmental changes, volume 40. [Place of publication unknown]: Springer Verlag: 271-278.
Birdsey, R.A.; Heath, L.S. 1995. 4. Carbon Changes in U.S. Forests. In: Joyce, L.A., ed. Productivity of America's Forests and Climate Change. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-271. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Station: 56-70.

Last Modified: 02/15/2012