Walter Shortle
Title: Senior Research Plant Pathologist
Unit: Biological and Environmental Influences on Forest Health and Productivity
Address: Northern Research Station
271 Mast Road
Durham, NH 03824
Phone: 603-868-7620
E-mail: Contact Walter Shortle
Jump to Publications
Education
- PhD Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 1974
- MS Botany, University of New Hampshire, Durham 1970
- BS Botany, University of New Hampshire, Durham 1968
Civic & Professional Affiliations
- American Chemical Society
- American Geophysical Union
- American Phytopathological Society
- International Association of Wood Anatomists
- Society of Wood Science and Technology
Current Research
My research is focused on three areas,
- wood-destroying diseases initiated by wounds and tree response to limit the spread of wood-destroying infections following wounding,
- the use of dendrochemical markers to detect and date major changes in root-zone chemistry related to acid deposition and other environmental perturbations, and
- the role of wood-destroying fungi in the biogeochemical cycling of calcium, a key element for regulating stability of the forest ecosystem.
Why is This Important
Studying the response of trees to wounding and subsequent infection in a changing environment is necessary to understand the impact of major wounding events, e.g. storms, fire, harvesting, on tree survival, growth, and wood quality. We lack information about the factors that promote or prevent a strong response essential for tree health, productivity, and longevity. Dendrochemistry (chemistry of precisely dated tree rings) offers a way of inferring environmental changes in the rooting zone of mature forest trees where no other records exist so that remedial actions can be planned. Part of remediation may involve replacement of depleted nutrients in which wood-decay fungi appear to play a significant role so that sufficient essential elements are made available for tree growth and carbon sequestration.
Future Research
- Improve concepts and methods of tree ring chemistry to better understand the impacts of land use, climate change and disturbance on trees.
- Develop indicators of physiological processes that contribute to tree mortality or recovery following disturbance or injury.
- Improve ways to communicate research findings derived from the study of tree biology and chemistry to foresters, loggers, wood technologists, and environmental scientists.
Featured Publications
- Shortle, Walter C.; Dudzik, Kenneth R.; Smith, Kevin T. 2010. Development of wood decay in wound-initiated discolored wood of eastern red cedar. Holzforschung. 64: 529-536.
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Connolly, Jon H.; Minocha, Rakesh; Jellison, Jody. 2009. Calcium fertilization increases the concentration of calcium in sapwood and calcium oxalate in foliage of red spruce. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 67: 277-283.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Murdoch, Peter S.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Lawrence, Gregory B. 2008. 6.0 Monitoring recovery from calcium depletion and nitrogen saturation. In: Murdoch, Peter S.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Birdsey, Richard A. The Delaware River Basin Collaborative Environmental Monitoring and Research Initiative. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-25. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 52-62.
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Jellison, Jody; Connolly, Jon; Schilling, Jonathan. 2007. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in early stages of sapwood decay in red spruce, eastern hemlock, red maple, and paper birch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 957-965.
- Dujesiefken, Dirk; Liese, Walter; Shortle, Walter; Minocha, Rakesh. 2005. Response of beech and oaks to wounds made at different times of the year. European Journal of Forest Research. 124: 113-117.
Additional
Online Publications
- Reinmann, Andy B.; Kenefic, Laura S.; Fernandez, Ivan J.; Shortle, Walter C. 2005. Soil Characteristics 30-years Post-harvest on Maine Spruce Flats: Preliminary Results. In: Kenefic, Laura S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Changing Forests - Challenging Times: Proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 85th Winter Meeting; 2005 March 16-18; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-325. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 66
- Reinmann, Andy; Kenefic, Laura; Fernandez, Ivan; Shortle, Walter. 2004. Preliminary Results From a Retrospective Study of Harvest Intensity, Site Productivity, and Red Spruce Growth. In: Ward, Jeffrey S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Forestry across borders: proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 84th winter meeting; 2004 March 23-26; Quebec City, Canada. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-314. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 28-29
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 2003. Radial growth of hardwoods following the 1998 ice storm in New Hampshire and Maine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 33: 325-329.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 2003. Tree Survival and Growth Following Ice Storm Injury. Res. Pap. NE-723. Newtown Squre, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 4 p.
- McLaughlin, Samuel B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T. 2002. Dendroecological applications in air pollution and environmental chemistry: research needs. Dendrochronologia 20(1-2):133-157
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 2001. Conservation of element concentration in xylem sap of red spruce. Trees. 15: 148-153.
- Shortle, Walter C. 2000. CODIT. In: Maloy. O.C.; Murray, T.D., eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley: 233-234.
- Shortle, Walter C. 2000. Shigometer. In: Maloy. O.C.; Murray, T.D., eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley: 902-903.
- Filley, T.R.; Hatcher, P.G.; Shortle, W.C. 2000. The application of 13C-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (13C-TMAH) thermochemolysis to study fungal degradation of wood. Organic Geochemistry. 31: 181-198.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash; Wargo, Philip M.; Vogt, Kristina A. 2000. Tree health and physiology in a changing environment. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Ecological studies 139. New York: Springer-Verlag: 229-274.
- Torelli, N.; Shortle, W.C.; Cufar, K.; Ferlin, F.; Smith, K.T. 1999. Detecting changes in tree health and productivity in silver fir-beech forests of Slovenia. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 29: 189-197.
- Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Bailey, Scott W.; Lovett, Gary M. 1999. Mechanisms of base-cation depletion by acid deposition in forest soils of the northeastern U.S.. In: Horsley, Stephen B.; Long, Robert P., eds. Sugar maple ecology and health: proceedings of an international symposium; 1998 June 2-4; Warren, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-261. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 75-87.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh. 1999. Taxol: a review. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Maramorosch, K., eds. Biotechnology and plant protection in forestry science. [Place Publication unknown]: Science Publishers: 1-11.
- Oven, Primoz; Torelli, Niko; Shortle, Walter C.; Zupancic, Martin. 1999. The formation of a ligno-suberised layer and necrophylactic periderm in beech bark (Fagus sylvatica L.). Flora. 194: 137-144.
- Connolly, Jon H.; Shortle, Walter C.; Jellison, Jody. 1999. Translocation and incorporation of strontium carbonate derived strontium into calcium oxalate crystals by the wood decay fungus Resinicium bicolor. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:179-187
- Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash C.; Wargo, Philip M.; Vogt, Kristiina A. 1999. Tree health and physiology in a changing environment. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Ecological studies: responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Vol. 139. Springer Verlag: 229-274.
- Smith, Kevin T; Shortle, Walter C. 1998. A First Look at Tree Decay: An Introduction to How Injury and Decay Affect Trees. Northeastern Research Station USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 1998. A first look at tree decay. An introduction to how injury and decay affect trees. NA-PR-02-98. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Area State and Private Forestry.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B. 1997. Acidic deposition, cation mobilization, and biochemical indicators of stress in healthy red spruce. Journal of Environmental Quality. 26: 871-876.
- Lawrence, Gergory B.; David, Mark B.; Bailey, Scott W.; Shortle, Walter C. 1997. Assessment of calcium status in soils of red spruce forests in the northeastern United States. Biogeochemistry. 38: 19-39.
- Ostrofsky, A.; Jellison, J.; Smith, K.T.; Shortle, W.C. 1997. Changes in cation concentrations in red spruce wood decayed by brown rot and white rot fungi. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27: 567-571.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1997. Relationships among foliar chemistry, foliar polyamines, and soil chemistry in red spruce trees growing across the northeastern United States. Plant and Soil. 191: 109-122.
- Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C. 1996. Aluminum mobilization and calcium depletion in the forest floor of red spruce forests in the northeastern United States. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 112-117.
- David, Mark B.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Bailey, Scott W. 1996. Calcium status of the forest floor in red spruce forests of the northeastern U.S. - past, present and future. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 118.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 1996. Decay diseases of stemwood: Detection, diagnosis, and management. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Maramorosch, Karl, eds. Forest trees and palms. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing: 95-109.
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh; Alexeyev, Vladislav A. 1996. Dynamics of calcium concentration in stemwood of red spruce and Siberian fir. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 230-238.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Coughin, Daniel J. Jr.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Effects of aluminum on growth, polyamine metabolism, and inorganic ions in suspension cultures of red spruce (Picea rubens). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26: 550-559.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Mark, B. David; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Putrescine: a marker of stress in red spruce trees. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly., eds. Proceedings, 1995 meeting of the Northern Global Change Program; 1995 March 14-16; Pittsburgh, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Radnor, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 119-130.
- Minocha, Rakesk; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Putrescine: a marker of stress in red spruce trees. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 119-130.
- Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 1996. Tree biology and dendrochemistry. In: Dean, J.S.; Meko, D.M.; Swetnam, T.W., eds. Tree rings, Environment and Humanity; Proceedings of an International Conference. Tucson, AZ: Radiocarbon: 629-635.
- Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C. 1995. A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest-floor soils. Nature. 378(9): 162-165.
- Smith, K.T.; Shortle, W.C.; Ostrofsky, W.D. 1995. Aluminum and calcium in fine root tips of red spruce collected from the forest floor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25: 1237-1242.
- Shortle, W.C.; Smith, K.T.; Dudzik, K.R.; Parker, Sharon. 1995. Response of maple sapwood to injury and infection. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 25: 241-252.
- Shortle, W.C.; Smith, K.T.; Minocha, R.; Alexeyev, V.A. 1995. Similar patterns of change in stemwood calcium concentration in red spruce and Siberian fir. Journal of Biogeography. 22: 467-473.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Long, Stephanie L.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1994. A rapid and reliable procedure for extraction of cellular polyamines and inorganic ions from plant tissues. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 13: 187-193.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C. 1994. Polyamines and inorganic ions extracted from woody tissues by freeze-thawing. In: Vozzo, J.A., comp. Research and applications of chemical sciences in forestry, proceedings of the 4th Southern Station Chemical Society; 1994 February 1-2; Starkville, MS. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-104. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 28-37.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Picea Rubens (red spruce): growth rates and polyamines. In: Proceedings of papers presented at the second international symposium on applications of biotechnology to tree culture, protection, and utilization; 1994 October 2-6; Bloomington, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-175, St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 20.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C. 1993. Fast, safe, and reliable methods for extraction of major inorganic cations from small quantities of woody plant tissues. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23: 1645-1654.
- Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash C.; Long, Stephanie L.; Shortle, Walter C. 1992. Effects of aluminum on DNA synthesis, cellular polyamines, polyamine biosynthetic enzymes and inorganic ions in cell suspension cultures of a woody plant, Catharanthus roseus. Physiologia Plantarum. 85: 417-424.
- Minocha, R.; Minocha, S.C.; Komamine, A.; Shortle, W.C. 1991. Regulation of DNA synthesis and cell division by polyamines in Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Plant Cell Reports. 10: 126-130.
- Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh. 1990. Applications of ion chromatography to study pollution effects on forest trees. Advanced Ion Chromatography. 2: 299-309.
- Garrett, P. W.; Randall, W. K.; Shigo, A. L.; Shortle, W. C. 1979. Inheritance of compartmentalization of wounds in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.). Res. Pap. NE-443. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 4p.
- Shigo, Alex L.; Shortle, Walter C.; Ochrymowych, Julian. 1977. Detection of active decay at groundline in utility poles. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-35. Upper Darby, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. 26 p.
Last Modified:
02/15/2012